Cotton (Gossypium sp.) is an important worldwide cash crop that provides a competitive renewable natural fiber supply for the demands of textile industry. The development of new textile technologies and the improvement of living standards increase the demands for both fiber quantity and fiber quality. ‘0–153’ is an upland cotton cultivar with excellent fiber quality derived from Asiatic cotton sources, especially with regards to fiber strength. To identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for fiber strength in this line, a recombinant inbred line population consisting of 196 lines was developed from a cross between it and ‘sGK9708’. A genetic linkage map consisting of 2393 loci was constructed using this recombinant inbred line population, with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers from the IntlCottonSNPConsortium_70k chip. Quantitative trait loci for fiber strength were detected across 11 environments using both single-environment and combined multipleenvironment models. A total of 63 QTLs controlling fiber strength were detected by the single-environment model. Sixteen QTLs were identified by the combined multipleenvironment model. These QTLs could make a contribution to the improvement of fiber quality via marker-assisted selection and provide useful information for QTL fine mapping and functional gene research activities as well.